Mathematics Language A resume COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Mathematics Language A resume COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Even Albert Einstein said: “Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater.” Our perceptions of our skills tend to skew left, and when we think about our math ability, we reflect on our confidence, and not our actual skills. The SIPA Admissions office understands that applicants will have varied quantitative backgrounds and skills. We have designed an application that best allows you to demonstrate your quantitative competencies through the quantitative/language resume. Here, you can highlight experiences that have strengthened your math, economics, and statistics skills. The core curriculum at SIPA requires the completion of rigorous quantitative courses and we want to make sure applicants provide as much information as possible about their quantitative aptitude, experience, and capabilities. This can include coursework in mathematics, statistics, economics, engineering, natural or computer science, etc. as well as the use of quantitative methods in a professional environment (paid, volunteer, or intern work is acceptable). Perhaps you have worked as an accountant, bookkeeper, or balanced budgets in your professional experiences. Perhaps you served as treasurer of a student organization or used quantitative skills in a volunteer opportunity. These are experiences that you can include in the additional resume. Is there an ideal quantitative background SIPA is looking for in an applicant? Recently, we’ve received many questions about what makes an ideal quantitative background for a hopeful candidate.  While SIPA does not have a rigid answer, the Admissions Committee looks for evidence of a candidates ability to undertake quantitative coursework at the graduate level. Most successful applicants have completed at least two courses in economics (macro and microeconomics). Applicants lacking a quantitative background are encouraged to consider enrolling in mathematics courses above all else. While the Admissions Committee does not require that each applicant have experience in all three areas (economics, statistics, and mathematics) to be admitted, extensive coursework in these areas definitely strengthens ones chances of gaining favorable admission consideration. For more on quantitative questions, check out our Frequently Asked Questions pages.

Drama And Themes Of Drama - 1111 Words

DRAMA AND THEMES Drama by definition is a play, movie, television show, or radio show that is about a serious subject and is not meant to make the audience laugh (Webster). Race, social class, and gender very often are major story lines for films in the category of drama. A drama can be based on several aspects, including but not limited to reality and novels and cross over into several other genres of movies. Very often, we see drama crossed with comedy, action, romance, etc., in turn making it the most common genre of movies (Dirks, 2015). Drama focuses on realistic characters with a realistic story line, high intensity special effects are not usually prevalent in dramas. The Help, A Christmas Carol, Mr. Mom, are the dramas chosen that I feel depict race, social class, and gender representation each at a very different level, based on the time period implied in the movie. COMMONALITIES AND CHOSEN ISSUES If I am going to see a movie based on a novel I have read, for example, The Help, I have a preconceived notion of what this movie is going to be about and expectations based on the previews prior to entering the movie theater. An additional spin on this movie, which often makes the actors and directors work more difficult, the book became popular prior to the movie being created. Very often when books are in place prior to the movie, readers have visualizations of what the characters look like, how they will sound, etc. The Help is categorized as a drama, andShow MoreRelatedDrama GCSE Unit One Theme: Capital Punishment Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause it created a sense of dramatic irony by way of making the audience aware that Kyle’s character was accountable, yet the rest of the character’s in the line-up were unaware. This was important as it links to our use of climax. In terms of drama medium, we used levels for Stephen’s character as he was the victim of said crime. He was positioned on a chair to show that he was more dominant than the characters in the line-up, and that he had the most power as the person he selected would ultimatelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Phantom Tollbooth1611 Words   |  7 Pagesof the new knowledge. Heathcote (Wagner, 1976) reminds us of the importance of bringing out students’ knowledge and using drama as one of the strategies that can bridge students’ current knowledge with the new one. Sharing this belief with Heathcote, through this article I provide descriptions of a modified dramatic – intervention strategy that embeds a popular culture theme to engage reluctant readers and to make them perform close reading. I would also share the planning, the process, and our (TheRead MoreDrama vs. Fiction Essays888 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences between drama and fiction are relatively small and th ere are many things that are similar between drama and fiction. This makes sense as they are both literary forms that are trying to pass stories along to the reader or watcher. These elements are the building blocks of any story and are pretty much required. Where drama and fiction differ though is what makes each one its own form. Plots. A plot is needed for a good work of fiction and it is also needed for a good work of drama. AristotleRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Cat On A Hot Tin Roof 1239 Words   |  5 PagesA Critical Analysis of â€Å"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof† by Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier â€Å"Tennessee† Williams background greatly influenced his stories, including his drama, â€Å"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.† One important influence on the drama was the author’s father, Cornelius Coffin. According to Harold Bloom, author of an analysis of â€Å"Tennessee Williams,† in 1911 Williams was born to Cornelius Coffin and Edwina Dakin Williams in Columbus Mississippi. His father was a traveling salesman who was a drunk and gamblerRead MoreThe Changes in Police and Crime Drama Over Time Essay715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Changes in Police and Crime Drama Over Time Crime drama has always been featured as one of the most popular genres of our society. However over the year’s crime drama has been changed and adapted to fit into different times. Many aspects of crime drama have been changed such as camera shots, seriousness of crimes and police language/jargon in order for crime drama to change with the times, become more realistic and retain its former popularity. Throughout timeRead MoreHamlet787 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet Elements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet The way an artist creates a sculpture is similar to the tactics of a drama writer. While artist focus on the color and shape of their creations, writers of drama focus on specific elements. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot, character, setting, staging, and theme to create a well-rounded story. One of the first elements of drama is plot. Considered to be the foundation, plot is theRead MoreThe Classical Tragedy Of Sophocles Oedipus The King950 Words   |  4 Pagessignificance. It was so important that it â€Å"was considered such masterpiece a century after its creation that the philosopher and critic Aristotle used it in the Poetics as an example on which to base his aesthetic theory of drama† (Charters and Charters). The two main themes that are within this exceptional theatrical are free will and fate. It is known that Sophocles â€Å"structured his play so as to first arouse pity and fear in the spectator watching the proud and headstrong Oedipus gradually unravelRead MoreThemes Of The Narrow Road To The Deep North1477 Words   |  6 Pagesinner peace. Also, Japaneses No Drama reached its highest peak of popularity during fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In No Drama, the important characters are Waki who is the witness and mostly the monk and the Shite is the dead person who appears in two forms. Plays in No drama addressed various themes such traveling, lessening attention to self, having reverence for the natural world. While The Narrow Road to the Deep North is Basho’s personal travel diary and No drama is a collection of JapaneseRead MoreThe Elizabethan Age: Is There a History Behind the Theater? Essay examples1668 Words   |  7 PagesElizabethan era, there was a mass production of inspired drama, poetry and other forms of literature, as well as growth in humanism and significantly the birth of professional theater in England. This period embodies the work of Sir Ph ilip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, the well-known, William Shakespeare, and various other writers. Literary expression was an important part of the Elizabethan era, in which a variety of themes and outlines endured while others seemed to fade or darkenRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams986 Words   |  4 PagesMenagerie, is a classic drama about a young man who is tired of his dull and boring existence. Tom, the main character, struggles to deal with his family, who is apparently holding him back in life. With the use of powerful writing techniques, Williams is able to captivate his audience and create a play that has stood the test of time. An excellent writing technique employed by Williams that contributes to The Glass Menagerie’s success is his use of plot. Throughout the drama, the main character and

Heroic in Paradise Lost by John Lost Essay - 1637 Words

The theme of the heroic in John Miltons Paradise Lost is one that has often been the focus of critical debate, namely in the debate surrounding which character is the true hero of the poem. Most critics of the subject have, however, noted that the difficultly in defining the hero of Miltons work is mainly due to our â€Å"vague understanding of what constitutes heroism†1 and the fact that â€Å"the term itself is equivocal†2. The vague terming of what heroism can be defined as it what draws critics to disagree with one another over the nature of heroism, as Charles Martindale points out that there are different models of heroic, many of which Milton employs in his epic poem. To incorporate these different models of the heroic into his†¦show more content†¦As Satan later claims, â€Å"To reign is worth ambition .. /Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.† (PL, I: 262-63, p.156) His statement suggests that his fatal flaw might be his ambition, his de sire to become even more powerful than he once was. This image of Satan having a fatal flaw, something that drives him into destruction, connects him with the idea of Aristotles hamartia, and connects him to the imagery of the other a good person who has fallen from grace, but is nonetheless a hero. Satan is also connected to Aristotles idea that â€Å"heroic virtue is superhuman, godlike, and divine†5, when he is described to be â€Å"stretched out huge in length† (PL, I: 209, p.155) across the lake, further imprinting the image of his heroic status. However, modern critics have begun to criticise the conclusions of the Romantics, claiming that the notion of Satan as a reflection of a classical hero can only be accepted when studying the first two books of Miltons poem. During the course of the poem the superhuman, godlike image of Satan deteriorates. John Peter, in his study of Satan, quotes C. S. Lewis, who claims that Satans character moves from â€Å"hero to general, from general to politician, from politician to secret service agent, and thence to a thing that peers in at bedroom and bathroom windows, and thence to a toad, and finally a snake†6. C. S. Lewiss detailing of Satans various images gives aShow MoreRelatedSatan As A Hero And A Villain916 Words   |  4 PagesSatan as a Hero and a Villain (Analysis of Satan in John Milton’s Paradise Lost) John Milton created Paradise Lost out of twelve books of well constructed poetry. A poem depicting and going into detail of the story of Adam and Eve, man’s creation and fall. The poem focuses on the actions of one particular character, Satan. Milton introduces his readers to Satan in Book I as a hero, trying to get revenge against God for throwing him out of Heaven, being banished to Hell. But as Satan carries on withRead MoreThe Role of Satan in Paradise Lost1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Satan in â€Å"Paradise Lost† John Miltons epic â€Å"Paradise Lost† is one that has brought about much debate since its writing. This epic tells the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, although from a different perspective than what most people usually see. Milton tells the story more through the eyes of Satan, whom most people usually consider the ultimate villain. The way in which Satan is portrayed in this story has caused speculation as to whether Satan is actually a hero in this situationRead MoreEvil in Disguise in John Milton ´s Paradise Lost793 Words   |  4 Pageslead away many of the host of heaven to become fallen angels as God expelled the traitors from the heavens. John Milton wished to write a poem by which he could be remembered as the authors of the odyssey, Iliad, and the Aeneid. He did this in the form an epic poem about the story of Eden. Milton’s poem is written from the point of view of Satan and in such a way that he appears to be the heroic figure of the tale. Satan is gi ven lines to uplift the demons of hell, seeming to empower them and as heRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost1442 Words   |  6 Pages(Name) (Instructor) (Course) (Date) Heroism in John Milton’s Paradise Lost There are many definitions of a hero, and establishing the hero in John Milton’s Paradise Lost has been object to scholarly debate. One definition of a hero is that by Aristotle, who defined a hero as a person who is divine and superhuman. However, other definitions encompass the aspect of virtue in heroism. Despite all the definitions for a hero, it remains factual that a hero would be someone that the readers would delightRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost1480 Words   |  6 PagesRoberts 1 Jackson Roberts Dr. Marks AP English 11 Mar, 2015 Paradise Lost: A â€Å"Knotty Problem† In the world of literature, the most memorable characters are often those who are the most complex. Readers may sympathize with a character they find appealing, but the most enigmatic characters will stick out in their minds when they think back on their reading. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Satan provides an archetype for this sort of character. Throughout the poem, an obvious contradiction developsRead MoreParadise Lost : A Satanic Hero?1585 Words   |  7 Pages205 Dr. McCormick 14 April 2016 Paradise Lost: A Satanic Hero? While there have been many different studies done on the epic written by John Milton, his primary reason for writing Paradise Lost was to retell the story from the Bible regarding Adam and Eve. Although the epic runs alongside actual scripture in lots of ways, the aspect in which Milton characterizes the individuals in the story are far from that of the Bible’s form. Satan, in book II of Paradise Lost, is depicted by Milton as a beingRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1253 Words   |  6 Pages Students often read John Milton’s works with great difficulty; he is determined to have his audience know his goals and how important his writing is through epic metaphors and masterful language. In Paradise Lost, he tells his audience that this will the epic to end all epics and that this is the most important tale of all mankind: the fall of Man. Comparatively, Alexander Pope used the same style of epic not to tell an important tale, but to question much of the life of aristocracy in his timeRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost And Alexander Pope s The Rape Of The Lock1220 Words   |  5 Pagesaccomplishing his goals, and the use of epic similes is apparent. Several of these epic conventions are seen throughout John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock. Paradise Lost is predominantly centered on the supernatural. It focuses on the story of Adam and Eve and how they lost their â€Å"paradise.† There are a couple arguments on who the real hero in Paradise Lost is. Some support Satan and others take Adam’s side. Adam satisfies most of the epic conventions, but he is portrayedRead MoreSatan as a Hero Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Milton’s Paradise Lost is an epic poem that describes the fall of Satan and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Satan is the protagonist of Paradise Lost and has several characteristics in which readers may identify with him. Throughout the poem, Satan is not only a tragic hero but also the key character that drives the plot and portrays many flawed human qualities. As an angel fallen from the high esteem of God and a possessor of hubris that leads to his downfall, he represents aRead MoreAnalysis Of John Milton s Paradise Lost 1499 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing, an ep ic hero if that being has done what is required. In John Milton’s, â€Å"Paradise Lost†, the character of Satan presents itself as an epic hero, Milton tests that the character of Satan forces the reader to consider the possibility that Satan may actually be a hero, or at the very least, a character worth seeing in a more complex light. This along with the following examples are all showing how the character of Satan in â€Å"Paradise lost†, can be view and is viewed as an epic hero thought the novel

Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering Free Essays

string(54) " interruption of a communication on an existing call\." e idea of the first cellular network was brainstormed in 1947. It was intended to be used for military purposes as a way of supplying troops with more advanced forms of communications. From 1947 till about 1979 several different forms of broadcasting technology emerged. We will write a custom essay sample on Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now The United States began to develop the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) network, while European countries were developing their own forms of communication. 1. 2 History of GSM Technology Europeans quickly realized the disadvantages of each European country operating on their mobile network. It prevents cell phone use from country to country within Europe. With the emerging European Union and high travel volume between countries in Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the situation the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assembled a research group with intentions of researching the mobile phone system in Europe. This group was called Group Special Mobile (GSM). For the next ten years the GSM group outlined standards, researched technology and designed a way to implement a pan-European mobile phone network. In 1989 work done by the GSM group was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). The name GSM was transposed to name the type of service invented. The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Special Mobile to Global Systems Mobile Telecommunications. By April of 1991 commercial service of the GSM network had begun. Just a year and half later in 1993 there were already 36 GSM networks in over 22 countries. Several other countries were on the rise to adopt this new mobile phone network and participate in what was becoming a worldwide standard. At the same time, GSM also became widely used in the Middle East, South Africa and Australia. While the European Union had developed a sophisticated digital cell phone system, the United States was still operating primarily on the old, analog AMPS network and TDMA. Department of EC 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara 2 RF OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING In the end o the end of October 2001, Cingular was the first to announce their switch to the 3G GSM network. This involved switching more then 22 million customers from TDMA to GSM. In 2005 Cingular stopped new phone activation on the TDMA network and began only selling GSM service. 1. History of GSM in brief †¢1982:CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for pan-European cellular mobile system †¢1988:Validation of the GSM System. †¢1991:Commercial launch of the GSM service. †¢1992:Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU Coverage of larger cities/airports. †¢1993:Coverage of main roads GSM services start outsi de Europe. †¢1995:Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas. 1. 4 GSM Frequency Band There are five major GSM frequencies that have become standard worldwide. They are following  ¦GSM-1800  ¦GSM850 GSM-1900  ¦GSM-400 1. 4. 1 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are standards used mostly worldwide. It is the frequency European phones operate on as well as most of Asia and Australia. 1. 4. 2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are primarily United States frequencies. They are also the standard for Canada GSM service and countries in Latin and South America. Most of the Cingular network operates on GSM 850, while much of T-Mobile operates at GSM-1900. T-Mobile however, has roaming agreements with Cingular. Meaning in the case of no service at GSM-1900, the phone will switch to GSM-850 and operate on Cingular’s network. . 4. 3 GSM-400 GSM-400 is the least popular of the bunch and is rarely used. It is an older frequency that was used in Russi a and Europe before GSM-900 and GSM-1800 became available. There are not many networks currently operating at this frequency. .5 GSM Services . The GSM services are grouped into three categories: 1. Teleservices (TS) 2. Bearer services (BS) 3. Supplementary services (SS) 1. 5. 1 Teleservices Regular telephony, emergency calls, and voice messaging are within Teleservices. Telephony, the old bidirectional speech calls, is certainly the most popular of all services. An emergency call is a feature that allows the mobile subscriber to contact a nearby emergency service, such as police, by dialing a unique number. Voice messaging permits a message to be stored within the voice mailbox of the called party either because the called party is not reachable or because the calling party chooses to do so. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Data services, short message service (SMS), cell broadcast, and local features are within BS. Rates up to 9. 6 kbit/s are supported. With a suitable data terminal or computer connected directly to the mobile apparatus, data may be sent through circuit-switched or packet-switched networks. Short messages containing as many as 160 alphanumeric characters can be transmitted to or from a mobile phone. In this case, a message center is necessary. The broadcast mode (to all subscribers) in a given geographic area may also be used for short messages of up to 93 alphanumeric characters. Some local features of the mobile terminal may be used. These may include, for example, abbreviated dialing, edition of short messages, repetition of failed calls, and others. .5. 3 Supplementary Services Some of the Supplementary Services are as follows: 1. Advice of charge:- This SS details the cost of a call in progress. 2. Barring of all outgoing calls: – This SS blocks outgoing calls. 3. Barring of international calls:- This SS blocks incoming or outgoing international calls as a whole or only those associated with a specific basic service, as desired. 4. Barring of roaming calls: – This SS blocks all the incoming roaming calls or only those associated with a specific service. 5. Call forwarding:- This SS forwards all incoming calls, or only those associated with a specific basic service, to another directory number. The forwarding may be unconditional or may be performed when the mobile subscriber is busy, when there is no reply, when the mobile subscriber is not reachable, or when there is radio congestion. 6. Call hold: – This SS allows interruption of a communication on an existing call. You read "Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering" in category "Essay examples" Subsequent reestablishment of the call is permitted. 7. Call waiting: – This SS permits the notification of an incoming call when the mobile subscriber is busy. 8. Call transfer: – This SS permits the transference of an established incoming or outgoing call to a third party. 9. Completion of calls to busy subscribers: – This SS allows notification of when a busy called subscriber becomes free. At this time, if desired, the call is reinitiated. 10. Closed user group:- This SS allows a group of subscribers to communicate only among themselves. 11. Calling number identification presentation/restriction: – This SS permits the presentation or restricts the presentation of the calling party’s identification number (or additional address information). 12. Connected number identification presentation: – This SS indicatChapter 2 GSM Identitieses the phone number that has been reached Chapter 2 GSM Identities 2. Classification of GSM IDENTITY NUMBER  ¦Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)  ¦International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)  ¦Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)  ¦International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)  ¦Location Area Identity (LAI) .2. 1 Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) The MSISDN is a number which uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription in the public switched telephone network numbering plan. According to the CCITT recommendations, the mobile telephone number or catalogue number to be dialled is composed in the following way: MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number E. g. 919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345 A National Destination Code is allocated to each GSM PLMN. In some countries, more than one NDC may be required for each GSM PLMN. The international MSISDN number may be of variable length. The maximum length shall be 15 digits, prefixes not included. 2. 2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) The IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM/PLMN. For a correct identification over the radio path and through the GSM PLMN network, a specific identity is allocated to each subscriber. This identity is called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and is used for all signalling in the PLMN. It will be stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), as well as in the Home Location Register (HLR) and in the serving Visitor Location Register (VLR). The IMSI consists of three different parts: IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits) MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits) MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (max 10 digits) e. g. 404 + 22 +0000123456 According to the GSM recommendations, the IMSI will have a length of maximum 15 digits. All network–related subscriber information is connected to the IMSI 2. 3 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) HLR knows in what MSC/VLR Service Area the subscriber is located. In order to provide a temporary number to be used for routing, the HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the called subscriber At reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered. The interrogation call routing function (request for an MSRN) is part of the Mobile Application Part (MAP). All data exchanged between the GMSC – HLR – MSC/VLR for the purpose of interrogation is sent over the No. 7 signalling network. The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), according to the GSM recommendations, consists of three parts: MSRN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number e. g. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX where, 005XXX is sent by MSC. 00 is for Pune MSC, 20 is for Nagpur MSC, 10 is for Goa MSC. Note: In this case, SN is the address to the serving MSC The IMEI is used for equipment identification. An IMEI uniquely identifies a mobile station as a piece or assembly of equipment. (See IMEI, chapter 5. ) IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp TAC = Type Approval Code (6 digits), determined by a central GSM body FAC = Final Assembly Code (2 digits), identifies the manufacturer SNR = Serial Number (6 digits), an individual serial number of six digits uniquely identifying all equipment within each TAC and FAC sp = spare for future use (1 digit) e. g. 52518 + 00 + 581976 + 3 Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets According to the GSM specification, IMEI has the length of 15 digits. 2. 5 Location Area Identity (LAI) LAI is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits), identifies the country. It follows the same numbering plan as MCC in IMSI. MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits), identifies the GSM/PLMN in that country and follows the sam e numbering plan as the MNC in IMSI. LAC = Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a GSM PLMN network. The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65 536 different location areas to be defined in one GSM PLMN. E. g. 404 +22 + 10000 where 10000 is the LAC for Pune. 2. 6 Cell Global Identity (CGI) CGI is used for cell identification within the GSM network. This is done by adding a Cell Identity (CI) to the location area identity. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI = Cell Identity, identifies a cell within a location area, maximum 16 bits e. g. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726 Where, 404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 are the CI of one of the cells of Pune. CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell. . 7 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) BSIC allows a mobile station to distinguish between different neighbouring base stations. BSIC = NCC + BCC NCC = Network Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the GSM PLMN. Note that it does not uniquely identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of border. BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits), ident ifies the Base Station to help distinguish between BTS using the same BCCH frequencies e. g. 71 Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator. and 1 is the BCC. BCC can range from 0 to 7 Chapter 3 GSM Network Elements GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware. The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: ? The switching system (SS) ? The base station system (BSS) ?The operation and support system (OSS) 3. 1 GSM BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM Department of EC 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara 14 RF OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING 3. 2 BASIC GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 3. 2. 1 SWITCHING CENTRE Department of EC 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara How to cite Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering, Essay examples

Lord Of The Flies Civilization S Control free essay sample

Lord Of The Flies- Civilization S Control Over Man Essay, Research Paper Civilization s Control Over Man The Lord of the Flies shows that, in the absence of civilisation, people lose the sense of being civilized and the dark and barbarous side of themselves surfaces out. This happens to a group of childs stuck on an island. William Golding, the writer of the novel, expresses his sentiment on savageness, an act of inhuman treatment or force, in this book. He makes it rather clear that savageness is an indispensable character of adult male and that it exists in all of all, but civilisation keeps it under control. This has been shown in history legion times, some instances have shown the antonym ; that civilisation can non command them, or it can maintain them in control merely to an extent. We all have the capableness of savagery interior of us. Everyone has gotten in a physical battle before or hit his brother of sister, haven # 8217 ; t you? That is an act of force. So so, you are barbarous, and so am I, and everyone else in this universe, but civilisation keeps us under control but, merely to an extent. If it maintained entire control, one wouldn # 8217 ; t acquire in a battle without something awful go oning to him/her as a penalty. The universe would hold entire peace. But so, how could we hold peace without war? We merely wouldn # 8217 ; t cognize what it is. So, civilisation can t keep maximal control over us. Civilization does keep control, but merely to an extent. It can merely partially command you. One does what he/she wants depending on his/her beliefs, values, and ethical motives. Of class, civilisation does hold ordinances and effects for those who break them, and this is why it maintains control. One would be afraid to perpetrate a offense because he knows he/she might acquire caught and he ll/she ll travel to imprison or worse. But mundane or so on the intelligence, in newspapers, and other beginnings of information, we find studies about self-destructions, slayings, drug and intoxicant usage, and other offenses. This is why it merely maintains command to an extent. No 1 can halt it, non even the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence and civilisation merely command us merely to a certain grade. Towards the terminal of this book, a stone crushes Piggy, one of the chief characters, and breaks the conch, a symbol of civilisation of regulation and order. When he dies, the sense of a civilisation is lost because he is the symbol of ground and civilisation in the book and all that is gone. Piggy kept on reasoning that they are human and nil else. What are we? Humans? Or animate beings? Or barbarians? ( p. 40 ) . He wanted a civilisation to be established throughout their whole stay on the isl and, even while Roger threw stones all around him and so killed him. He was besides the lone 1 at the terminal who still wanted a civilisation. Ralph did desire one, but he kept on burying everything he wanted to state and Piggy ever reminding him. Before Roger killed him, he tried to remind them of how they needed a civilisation and how they acted doltishly and egotistically and how they should act more moderately. â€Å"Which is better- to be a battalion of painted Indians like you are, or to be reasonable like Ralph is? Which is better- to hold regulations and agree, or Hunt and kill? Which is better, jurisprudence and deliverance, or runing and interrupting things up? † ( p. 164 ) . He and Ralph did desire to get down the rudimentss of a civilisation but Jack wanted to run and they couldn’t accomplish anything with merely four people. Ralph, Piggy, Simon, and Samneric didn’t kill anyone or anything and there wasn’t any civilisation to state them non to . Simon died because Jack got so wrapped up in his hunting that anything he saw traveling and didn’t know what it was, he wanted to kill it. Peoples get killed irrespective of the factor whether there is civilisation or non. Peoples strap bombs to themselves or works one someplace and explode them in topographic points with elephantine crowds, killing and/or injuring a batch of people. Civilization does non wholly command these people. They are no afraid of the jurisprudence or they are certain that they will non acquire caught although most of them acquire caught finally. These people are non bound by civilisation. If civilisation keeps us under control and we all have the capableness of savageness to be in us, so how did civilization start in the first topographic point? If the people who started civilisation or its rudimentss were all barbarian, what could hold made them believe of it? They couldn # 8217 ; t start doing regulations because how could they obey them if we still don # 8217 ; T. I really think that Golding believes that civilisation maintains control over adult male up to a magnitude. All of the male childs show a mark of savageness except for a few. They all become barbarous all of a sudden, although when they got at that place they all felt that civilisation still surrounded them, stating them what to make and what non to make. After a piece, that sense or feeling of civilisation was non grasped any longer and most of the male childs turned into barbarians. Still, some of the male childs did hold that sense of civilisation, so that s why I think Golding might hold that sentiment as he shows it in the book. Civilization does keep control over adult male but merely up to a certain point. We all have capableness for savageness in us although some of us might non demo it.

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Cultural Clash Essay Example

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Cultural Clash Paper The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Cultural Clash This book focuses on the clash of cultures that occurs between the Lee family, immigrants to the US from Laos, and the doctors that treat their daughter, Lila, who has been diagnosed with epilepsy. Las parents, Pouf and Ana Aka believe that Lila has fallen ill because she has lost her soul. This clash of ideas highlights one of the problems that the Lees faced when dealing with the medical community in the US the Lees believed strongly that all of life is intertwined, and that each individuals OLL is in constant danger, whether being stolen by dabs, or demons that steal souls, or your soul may simply wander off like a butterfly, as Pouf says. If a Hong loses their soul, that is when they get sick and they only get well when they have recovered their soul. The Hong make use of TV enables, or shaman, who are versed in the rescue of souls. We will write a custom essay sample on The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Cultural Clash specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Cultural Clash specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: Cultural Clash specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The US medical community, on the other hand, relies on blood tests, surgery, and a barrage of specialized doctors to detect, diagnose, and fix medical conditions. Some of their methods, mostly Invasive procedures, are thought f as disrespectful by the Hong ? One example that stood out to me was when Ala had her big seizure and was taken to the Valley Childrens hospital. She was in desperate need of real medical care, and the doctor she saw, Dry. Kopeck quickly proceeded giving her some heavy medication that put Lila in a state of more or less anesthesia. Las father, Ana Aka, was angry with Doctor Kopeck, because he gave Lila a lot of medications, and also recommended Lila get a spinal tap to check and see if the sepsis had passed into her spine, but did not consult with him beforehand. They just took her to the hospital and they didnt fix her. She got very sick and I think it is because they gave her too much medicine. -Ana Aka This Is an exemplary example of the social construction of the ideas of health and Illness (the US medical community vs.. He Hong spirit-based Ideas) and also helps to Illustrate the Hong point of view that doctors are not to be trusted. Ala was diagnosed with epilepsy when she was very young, and she ended up In the emergency room many times over the next few years of her life. Each visit to the emergency room brought with it its own set of trials and tribulations dealing with doctors who may or may not have ad any real understanding of the Hong culture or the normal procedures that the Hong used in the heal ing process. I was very surprised to see some quotes from a doctor named Robert Small, stating that The Hong breed like flies, as if the golden goose of welfare will continue to lay eggs forever and also They Just come in late and drop it out Theyre almost stone age people. Hell, they never went to a doctor before [for birthing] They Just had a baby in the camp or the mountains or wherever the hell they came from. While there were some doctors and nurses who id come to care for Ala but their actions (removing Ala from her parents home) as viewed through the Hong lens would seem Just as bad as the comments made by Dry. Small would seem to a caring person. I nerve are a lot AT things Tanat were Interesting Dolts AT culture smock tonguing t book, but The complete lack of understanding (or the distrust of) that Las parents seem to have of US medical procedures from Poufs experiences at Alias birth to the aforementioned invasive procedures and doses of medicine that made Ana Aka angry at the doctors, and the complete The lack of understanding of the Hong ultra (or impatience with silly healing procedures) of the Doctors that treated Lila and dealt with Las parents were astounding. Even the efforts of some caring nurses and medical staff took actions that were awful in the eyes of Las parents. I originally intended to conclude this paper with some type of solution to these culture problems that stood out to me I am, however, completely unable to provide any type of solution. The social and cultural issues that have to be crossed are simply too great from the very history of the Hong people, to their religion, to their beliefs ND deductive / inductive logic about health and sickness all the way to the politically of American medicine and the lack of parental control over what was happening to Lila to the stereotypes of the Hong people that doctors seemed prone to applying to the language barrier that prevented doctors from accurately portraying what was being performed on Lila to her parents. I did some reading about this story on my own, and read that some of the community leaders where the Hong lived decided to bring in the TV enables as part of the medical teams working on Hong patients with great success. We talked about something like this in our discussion section, where we debated the difference between a translator and a cultural broker was, and specifically, how the cultural broker was much more well-suited to the task of interpreting the symbolisms and meanings of actions and words that a translator might miss. In the context of this book, when family members who knew some English were translating for Las parents, they were probably losing some of the meanings and emotions behind the words they were speaking. When the TV enables were brought in, they effectively acted as a sort of cultural broker to the Hong tenants, allowing them to feel comfortable in the hospital environment. The problems of culture shock, and lack of cultural understanding, whether it be on purpose or on accident is a huge problem that cannot be easily solved without taking a lot of effort and time to really make an effort to understand the other culture. We cannot know who we are, unless we know where we came from. Anon Hong Essay I am going to explain how the Hongs religion works and how it is different from most religions. I will also write about how the Hongs religion works and how they live their lives. The Hong people take their religion seriously. They would die for it. Their beliefs are different in many ways. They dont believe in medicine. They have many rituals that are controversial. The first topic I will be explaining to you about is the Hong religion and how it is different to other religions. For Hong women, they believe in the existence of vital forms embodying human beings, animals, objects such as rocks and places such as rivers, mountains, forests, etc. For Hong men, their choice of beliefs does not pose, In an extreme way, social or religious generalness Decease teeny are Odor as noels AT the tradition. Men are the keepers of the traditional beliefs. When a man wants to get married, he can kidnapped the women and make her his spouse. The women dont have a choice that they get to marry. When a divorce happens, it is an unspeakable, indescribable, and unresolved issue of belonging on behalf to Hong people. I find this religion different than most, because for almost all religions, dont kidnap women to be their wife, and when a divorce comes up, they have to go into jury for their divorce and Hongs Just dont speak of it and move on with the rest of their lives. The next topic I will be writing about is, why dont Homings believe in using medicine? In the Book The Spirit catches you and you Fall Down, the Lees family has problems with the American doctors because they dont speak the same language and Hong people are against using medicine. Especially when there may be a time when someone is about to die, and they can communicate but I think that using medicine is strictly against their religion. It depends on the situation if the Hong would have to use medicine to cure what may be killing the person. It is uncommon for Hong people to use medicine because it is against their religion. Some rituals that the Hong use are, calling the soul(s), marriage, funerals, the leaning rituals, the rituals of fertility, and the rites of passage of time. During the marriage ritual, the bride has to wear three dresses which are a traditional dress, a Ala dress, and a white dress. The funerals get split up into two times where one is in Southeast Asia and the other one is held in the United States. The traditional way for a celebration will be men than women. In conclusion, the Hong religion to me seems very different than the main religions I know of. I dont know any other religion that is against medicine and that kidnaps women to be their wives. To me, his is different and Im not used to this and this is new to me but for the Hong, this isnt new and they find what they do very common. They would die for their religion they wouldnt harm it or cause anything that is against their religion. A lot of people may think that their religion is different than the Hong but its Just their own opinion. The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down By Anne Fading In the book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fading, a child named Lila Lee is taken away from her parents by Child Protective Services and placed in foster care, because they arent giving her medication for epilepsy. Although resulting in some medical benefits those benefits were lost because of destructive psychological and emotional damage to Lila. Dry. Neil Ernst decided to call child protective services when Lila Lees parents Noun Kook and Pouf were reluctant to give her, her medicine. Dry. Neil Ernst said: I felt it was important for these Hongs to understand that there were certain elements of medicine that we understood better than they did and that there were certain rules they had to follow with their kids lives. I wanted the word to get out in the community that if they deviated from that, it was not acceptable behavior (pig. 9 Fading). Dry. Ernst could have also been arrested for not reporting it. There were some alternatives to calling Child Protective Services such as my favorite one; having a nurse visit the Lees?w three times daily to administer the medications, but this thought did not occur to Dry. Ernst and/or seemed unreasonable at the time. Although Fading does not mention what Dry. Ernst tongue tout tons course AT Acton, I can only suspect Tanat It would nave Eden too expensive to have a nurse visit three times a day. Also they shouldnt be rewarded for their noncompliance by having someone else administer their gutters medication. It might have also provoked the Lees to anger because they didnt like to give Lila the medicine because of how the medicine made her depressed and sullen. After Lila was taken away for a period of a few weeks, Noun Kook almost beat an interpreter named Sue Going who was interpreting for a COPS (#) social worker. Noun Kook said: I was outside and Sue came inside and she called me and said, Come in here, you come in here. At that time I was ready to hit Sue, and I got a baseball bat right there. My son-in-law was with me, and he grabbed me and told me not to do it (pig. Fading), so you can see the Lees were violent natured. The second reason the Noun Kook and Pouf did not want to give their daughter the medicine was that they believed like other Hongs that people with epilepsy are caught by a good or bad spirit which makes them fall to the ground (the Hong word for epilepsy translates into: the spirit catches you and you fall down) and while their under siege they get messages from the gods. Many people in their culture with epilepsy become cultural healers or shamans. The plan of sending a nurse would have been my plan. It would have been a lot of time and money though. And when the Hong community is already draining our resources through welfare doesnt make much sense to spend more money on them. It also would not have said that ?occur medicine is better?0 as good either. Although Dry. Nils plan of letting COPS handle it worked out for him it did not work out for Lila for she had more seizures at her foster home with the medicine than at home with missed and half doses. The reason is because she did not want to be separated from her parents, and the emotional damage from the separation. Some people would say it was selfish and lazy that Dry. Ernst did not at least try to use a nurse to administer the medication. I believe if I was Him that I would try sending a nurse for Two weeks to see if it would work and then make a decision. But on the other hand I believe that these stubborn, ignorant people should?wet be pampered when they are already helping themselves to so much (#) from the tax payers through welfare. Because of these two issues of Dry. Ernst?was quickness to make a decision, and the Hong community taking so much and giving nothing back, it is hard for me to make a decision and I feel myself ?slipping?o towards Dry. Ernst?was decision. I don?wet blame Dry. Ernst for his decision which I think is the most logical choice and even if he tried my Two weeks idea it still would?wet make sending a nurse any less expensive. All I am saying is that he should not have worried about teaching the Hong community a lesson on reality so much and think more about the health of the individual named Lila Lee. The Hongs believe that to treat the body you must also treat the soul, what happened here is that Las soul got hurt so she didnt get better at all, nor much worse. That is why I think the medicine didnt work effectively. It is unfortunate that cultural misunderstanding and language barriers got in the way of what could have been resolved much more easily. (#) Citation Fading, Anne. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. New York: The Noonday Press, 1997 (#) Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down is a stimulating adventure for any Intelligent reader winos near Ana mall are open to reaching Demon a Tanat wanly Is familiar and understood. Against a backdrop of cultural mystery, tales of nations at war, an epoch of human misery, and a thundering clash of two worthy, well- intentioned cultures, a baby girl has epilepsy, and all who know her struggle to help her. The childLila Leeis the 13th born to mother Pouf and father Ana Aka Lee, residents of Mercer County, California. The Lees are among the 150,000 Hong who have fled Laos since their country fell to communist forces in 1975. 1 :pa Like many Hong, the Lees were a fiercely independent family of self-sufficient farmers who, chased by war and political strife, in 1980 arrived in California, a land of foreign customs and languages where the Hong would save their lives but lose their treasured identity s respected, productive people. Lila was the first Lee child to be born in a hospitala surreal experience for Pouf, all of whose other children were delivered by Pouf, unattended and in silence so as not to alert the evil spirits (dabs) to each new childs presence. Ana Aka had dutifully buried the placentas of the first 12 children under the huts dirt floor so that their souls could find their way back home after death. L :pa (And by the time the Lees arrived in California, half of their children had already died. ) The books title is a literal translation of aqua dab peg, the Hong phrase describing a seizure. :pop Fading shows how the Hong view of epilepsy is similar to views expressed in other periods and culturesfor example, by the ancient Greeks, who viewed epilepsy as a sacred disease of supernatural origin. :pop,28 Given both their natural concern for the health of their daughter and their reluctance to interfere with things supernatural, the Lees were burdened with an unwieldy internal struggle that would only worsen as they tentatively brought their seizing baby daughter repeatedly into the hospitals emergency department. There, unable to communicate with the childs parents, the kind, well-intentioned deiced staff endured the unspeakabl e frustrations of having to practice veterinary medicine on the seizing Lila. Despite everyones best efforts, the unavailability of translation services, combined with profound cultural differences, resulted in Lila being underestimated, overestimated, and MIS-medicated. Las seizures were increasingly severe, and her physicians knew that onset of an uncontrollable grand mall seizure was inevitable. Said one of Las physicians, It was so haunting. I started to have nightmares that it was going to happen, and I would be the one on call, and I couldnt stop it and she was going to die right before my eyes. :Pl 18 The Hong are superior parents in general,l :pop and Fading illustrates the outstanding care the Lees provided to Lila. Nonetheless, the complexity of Las medical regime would have befuddled even the most literate, American-born parents: By the time she was four and a half, Las parents had been told to give her, at various times, Ethylene, noncompliance, monoclinic, Dilatation, Phenobarbital, erythrocytes, color, allegretto, Bendable, Palazzos, VI-Deadly Mu ltivitamins Walt Iron, Albumen, Deadpanned, and Validl :pop and that these drugs were to be administered only at certain times and under specific conditions. Las father said, Sometimes the soul goes away but the doctors dont believe it. I would like you to tell the doctors to believe in our nave [healing spirit] The doctors can fix some sicknesses that involve the body and blood, but for us Hong, some people get sick because of their soul, so they need spiritual things. With Lila it was good to do a little medicine and a little nave, but not too much medicine because the medicine cuts the newbies effect. If we did a little of each she didnt get sick as much, but the doctors wouldnt let us give Just a little medicine because they didnt understand about the soul. 1 :IPPP The reciprocal frustration of the parents and of the clinicians are compounded by arrival of the grand mall seizure. Fadings tale of the events leading up to and following this event make this modern tragedyin which everyone fights for the good, yet no one winsan opportunity for greater wisdom. Fading provides extraordinary insight into how vital is a thorough understanding of cultural diversity to successful practice of the medical arts. Imagine their Footwear Imagine a family from out of the country moves into the house next door to you. Imagine the new family is very similar to your own. Imagine that the only differences are that they cannot speak your language, and they maintain their own cultural norms. Will that keep you from interacting with them? Will that small gap become a ravine between two cultures? Although it was not the doctors of Mercer County Medical Centers (MIMIC) choice to have the case of a severely epileptic young girl thrust into their laps, it is safe to say that they could have handled the situation a lot better if only they had taken the time to imagine themselves in the shoes of the Hong, specifically the Lee family. When people immigrate to the United States from other countries, they are usually cooking for the freedom they hear about on the news and on television. It is indeed their yearning, their intense desire to pursue a better life for themselves and for their families. They do not want white picket fences and golden retrievers that fetch the mail, they simply long for a better opportunity for their children. Some immigrants do not come to the United States by free choice; they are simply searching for freedom, to be free from persecution and turmoil that they must contend with in their homelands. It is easy to see the situation and mindset of the Hong in this case. Even though his may seem incredibly farfetched, I can honestly relate to their situation. Even though Puerco Rice and Laos are a million miles apart, and beyond the fact the Puerco Ricans are technically citizens, we must deal with the similar hardships and struggles as the Hong people, who must work so hard and endure so much Just to get here. My father, who is sixty years old, speaks decent English, accompanied however by a thick Spanish accent. Because the U. S. S not his homeland, even though he has alive nerve Tort more than 40 years, en still NAS trouble when en goes to ten doctor, mechanic, or wherever, unless they too speak Spanish. He will hear and take in the instructions given, but unless l, or another interpreter, am present, he will go home and not apply or work with what he was told, perhaps going instead for a natural cure. It is easy understand the Hongs frustration with American society. When your culture has such strong norms and beliefs, it is hard to see anything else as feasible. The Lees especially did not want to have their daughter thrown into the world of western medicine and frequent doctor visits. However, because they were told back in the refugee camps about medicines that would cure a person in a day (antibiotics), hey Just wanted the best for their daughter so they had hope the hospital could take it away. No sane and capable parent would want to cause their child pain. Needless to say, when the Lees saw Las reaction to the medicines, they could not handle the pain of seeing her suffer; instead they attempted their own remedy. It is not fair for the doctors to get mad at concerned parents. It is probably not the first time parents do such an act, but because it is in relation to the Hong and their backwards culture, it has to be wrong. Now imagine the place of the doctors in Mercer County Medical Center. They did not choose to have this patient or this case thrown into their laps. They were not taught on how to handle patients or families like the Lees in medical school. Their western training taught them to understand advanced medicine, science, and technology, not how the loss of spirit makes you sick (Fading 20). It was the Lees choice to keep bringing Lila back, and in doing that, they should be handing her over to the doctors and let them do what they know best. Instead, the family brings her to the hospital, but expects the doctors to do what they do at home, such as coin- ebbing or shaman techniques. If they do not like the Neil and Piggys help, why does the Lee family always return? If they want to practice their own rituals, why go to the hospital every day? If they do not like the medicine Lila is prescribed, why involve the doctors at all? A doctors duty is to help the best they can, using what resources and knowledge they have gained throughout their education and experience. However, when a special case arises, such as Las and they are at a loss of what to do, perhaps a little more interaction with the families would be extremely helpful to the entire situation. Not even trying seems to be a symptom of American doctors when working with immigrants. When Lila had her biggest grand mall, she was taken to Fresno, and her foster parents followed her there. According to Dee Korea, It was awful. The doctors wouldnt even look at Pouf and Ana Aka. They only look at us Jeanine. They saw us as smart and white, and as far as they were concerned, the Lees were neither (151). Although the doctors have been trying to help the Lee family, it seems like they cannot imagine themselves in the situation of the Hong. The doctors see themselves as right, and anyone who has a different opinion is wrong. They needed to realize that their advanced ways and new technology, although proving to be helpful, are not things with which the Hong are comfortable. The Lees were thrown into a strange new environment, so of course anyone would want to do what they Know nest, Instead AT welfare maleness Ana uncomfortable procedures. Split catches You On October 24, 1982, three-month-old Lila Lee was carried into the emergency room of the county hospital in Mercer, California. Las parents, Hong refugees from the hill country of Laos, spoke no English; the hospital staff spoke no Hong. On a later visit, Las doctors would determine that she was suffering from a severe case of epilepsy, a misfiring of the brains neurons. Her parents, however, believed that her seizures were caused by the flight of her soul from her body and called her condition by its Hong name: aqua dab peg (the spirit catches you and you fall down). This essential misunderstanding, leading to and surrounded by a host of smaller confusions, ultimately resulted in tragedy for Lila. In her stunning work of cross- cultural reportage, Anne Fading presents Las story from both perspectives. We earn how devotedly Las parents, Ana Aka Lee and Pouf Yang, cared for their daughter, carrying her everywhere, arranging animal sacrifices for her, and making traditional remedies from herbs grown in the parking lot behind their apartment building. We also see the case through the eyes of Las doctors, the husband-and- wife team of Neil Ernst and Peggy Philip, who went to great efforts to fine-tune Las treatment and spent many sleepless nights pondering how to give her the best care possible. And yet doctors and parents looked on helplessly as Las condition worsened, each blaming the other. The doctors were angry because the parents failed to give Lila her prescribed medications in the proper doses; the parents were angry because the medications had side effects. In an attempt to understand this sad impasse, Fading casts her net ever wider, examining Western medical culture and the history and spiritual traditions of the Hong. The Hong, a legendarily fierce and invincible tribe, were driven from their homes after the U. S. -sponsored Quiet War in Laos, during which many had been recruited to fight by the CIA. More than 100,000 ended up in America, but, especially in the early years, retained strong Hong cultural aloes: family and community were prized; coercion was hated. As Fading discovers, Western physicians, trained to practice a technical art bound by strict rules and traditions, could be equally uncompromising. It is Fadings signal achievement that she manages to empathic with those on both sides, communicating their intentions with compassion and humanity and carefully weighing the consequences of their actions. Her descriptions of everything from complicated medical procedures and emergency room protocol to Hong healing ceremonies and refugee camp life in Thailand are sharply focused and compelling; ere portraits of Las dedicated and stubborn doctors and her loving and stubborn parents are rich and nuanced. Through her telling of the story of a single Hong child, she communicates the essence of two very different worldviews, and holds out the hope that they might one day be reconciled. The Spirit Catches you and you Fall Down In The Spirit Catches you and you Fall Down, Fading presents the medical case of Ala Lee against ten Attract AT cultural relatively. In examining Helmsmans perspective, though, we should look first at the anthropological meaning of cultural relativism. We can then place Fadings perspective in context, and perhaps apply her conclusions beyond medical education to K-12 contexts. Going back to the beginning of the 20th century, we can find evidence in the literature that early anthropologists were concerned with the make-up of culture and its various influences. Alan Bernard (2000) uses the last words from the 1922 edition of Sir James Freezers The Golden Bough to illuminate the cultural relativists emerging view of the fabric of culture. Without dipping so far deep into the future we may illustrate the course which Hough has hitherto run by likening it to a web woven of three different threads -the black thread of magic, the red thread of religion, and the white thread of science Could we then survey the web of thought from the beginning, we should probably perceive it to be at the first a exchequer of black and white, a patchwork of true and false notions, hardly tinged as yet by the red thread of religion. But carry your eye farther along the fabric and you will remark that, while the black and white exchequer still runs through it, there rests on the middle portion of the web a dark crimson taint, which shades off insensibly into a lighter tint as the white thread of science is woven more and more into the tissue (Frazer, 1922, p. 713 in Bernard, 2000, p. 37). Freezers fabric treats us to a metaphor of thought and culture that emphasizes taking a pretty close look at the threads that influence both our developing thought and the interrelated view of meaning in context. Much later, in reinforcing cultural relativism, Clifford Geezer critiqued a dominant tendency among ethnographers to search for universals of culture and sought to build on the semiotic theory of culture. Geezer proposed that culture was a set of control mechanisms -plans, recipes, rules, for the governing of behavior (Geezer, 1973, p. 44) and that people depended on these mechanisms to order their behavior. Geezer advocates cultural relativism as applied to specific human behavior governed by cultural fabric: One of the most significant facts about us may finally be that we all begin with the natural equipment to live a thousand kinds of life but end in the end having lived only one (p. 45). The concept of cultural relativism emerges as an important consideration in Fadings work. Cultural relativism has evolved over time but remains a part of anthropological thinking in the United States particularly where epistemological relativism is concerned. According to Bernard (2000), cultural relativists argue that culture regulates the way human beings perceive the world (p. 99). With its roots in cultural determinism, epistemological relativism holds that there are no generalize cultural patterns (p. 100). The understanding of the behavior of people must be done within the context of their cultures and interpreted, as Geezer would ay, utilizing the strategy of thick description borrowed from Gilbert Rely (Geezer, 1973, p. 6). Geezer, according to Bernard, has been a leader among the theoretical advocates of cultural relativism within anthropology in the United States. The concept is not without its critics, though. Ernest Giggler, for example, places the onus on Geezer for leading a generation of anthropological thinking toward subjectivist styles and postmodernism. If everything is relative, what is there to do other than express the anguish engendered by this situation in impenetrable prose (Giggler, 1992, p. 45 Bernard, 2000, p. 73)? In Fadings story of Lila, ten immolating meal epistemology approval ten mechanisms AT Interpretation Tort the medical community. Effie Bunch, for example, a nurse at the Mercer Community Medical Center (MIMIC), provides this observation of Hong epistemology: l dont think the mom and dad ever truly understood the connection between a seizure and what it did to the brain My general impression was that they really felt we were all an intrusion and that if they could Just do what they thought best for their child, that child would be fine (Fading, 1997, p. 8). Later in Fadings narrative, she quotes Dan Murphy, a resident at MIMIC, in a reasonably reflective moment: And the other thing that was different between them and me was that they seemed to accept things that to me were major catastrophes as part of the normal flow of life. For them, the crisis was the treatment, not the epilepsy [italics in original] (p. 53). Additionally, Racquet Arias, an obstetrician at MIMIC, indicated that Ac cording to their beliefs and principles, they are trying to protect the mother and the baby and their way of life. And what you think is necessary happens to be exactly the opposite of what they think is appropriate (p. 75). In thinking about Frazer, Geezer and Fading, I wonder how, in the broader sense, similar misinterpretations are played out in schools. In Choosing Democracy: A Practical Guide to Multicultural Education, Duane Campbell (2000) presented one view. Campbell argued a relativistic perspective in claiming that people are so deep within their own culture that they are not even aware they have a world view. They assume that all people see reality through a perspective similar to their own. Persians (Iranians) have a saying for this myopia: It is difficult for the fish to see the stream. (p. 49). Yet, in characterizing cultural elitism as an ethical research stance, Campbell argued that teachers, in respecting cultural differences, have a different agenda than the research ethnographers. Teachers need to reject the notion of melting pot cultural domination, and accept the role of cultural mediators and present models of ethical behavior that encourage equality and respect (p. 5). Interestingly, Fadings book has a good deal to say about the notion of the melting pot perspective on immigration and the harm it does. Chapter 14 goes into quite some detail to capture xenophobic comments and official documents that reflect how one culture can so nominate another as to lay blame on the Other for inabilities, misinterpretations, and even Stone Age mentalities (up. 188-189). In some sense, Fadings comments on what to do to as cultural mediators when seeking to bridge differences match fairly well with Campbell suggestions. Campbell suggested teachers take the role of cultural mediators, while Fading advocates the use of interpreters as cultural brokers (up. 264-265). In either context, when moral decisions are to be made regarding the treatment of people, there is much room for interpretation and ethical behavior.

Terms for the Seasons of the Year

Terms for the Seasons of the Year Terms for the Seasons of the Year Terms for the Seasons of the Year By Mark Nichol Words for the seasons and related terms often have both literal and figurative connotations. Here are the words and their various senses. Spring (from the Old English word springan, akin to the same word in Old High German, which means â€Å"to jump†) has a sense of freshness and growth. The word is sometimes used to refer to a sociopolitical movement for greater freedom and tolerance, as in phrases like â€Å"Prague Spring† and, more recently, â€Å"Arab Spring.† Spring itself, in these senses, has no direct adjectival form besides springlike; springy refers to the word’s sense of movement. However, vernal (from the Latin word ver, meaning â€Å"spring†) is suitable for references to anything pertaining to the spring, or anything fresh, new, or youthful. In a practical sense, it often refers to phenomena unique to springtime, such as a vernal pool, a body of water that dries up as summer encroaches on spring. Summer (from the Old English word somer) has associations with thriving and mature growth, and it is also a poetic synonym for years in references to one’s age (for example, â€Å"in my tenth summer,† â€Å"a boy of fifteen summers†). Summery is a prosaic descriptor term describing qualities associated with summer. Estival (from Latin aestivus, meaning â€Å"of summer†) also means â€Å"pertaining to summer†; estivation is the summertime equivalent of hibernation, or sojourning at one location all summer. Autumn (ultimately from the Latin word autumnus), interchangeable in literal meaning with fall, has a figurative sense pertaining to full maturity or the onset of decline, as does the adjective autumnal. Winter has associations with decay and inactivity, and wintry, besides its literal sense, refers to being weathered as a result of winter weather or as if by such conditions, or to being aged; it also suggests a cold attitude or response. Solstice (ultimately from the Latin word solstitium, meaning, literally â€Å"sun standing†) and equinox (from the Latin term aequinoctium, a combination of the terms for â€Å"equal† and â€Å"night†) refer to the times of the year when, respectively, daylight is shortest and day and night are of equal length. The adjective equinoctial (or equinoctal) refers literally to the first day of spring and fall and has no established figurative meaning. (The first variant is also used as a noun synonymous with equator or referring to a storm during the equinoctial period.) There is no adjectival form of solstice, which corresponds to the onset of summer and winter. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Greek Words You Should KnowUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your Writing10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†