John P Roche-The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action Essay

John P. Roche published a Thesis â€Å"The Founding Fathers a Reform Caucus in Action† where managed to dwell upon the significance of the contribution made by the builders of a country. He characterizes them as great contributors. Apart from that, the author claims that the creation of the constitution was a natural and entirely democracy connected process, which equally contributed to the creation of state, economy, and politics. He calls a target reader to give the Founders acknowledgements for the big efforts they made and value their efforts, which resulted in the arising of the strong and influential country. The members of the Philadelphia convention were obliged to perform significant formation work to satisfy all the needs and fill in all the political gaps that were previously overlooked. He proves that the motive of founders was fair and aimed at the promotion of prosperity of a state. What was an essential concern for the founding fathers when drafting the articles of confederation? According to the position of P. Roche, it was a significant contribution to gather Philadelphia conference and change the social and political orders. Thanks to their bright minds and legislative competence, they managed to imply changes and implement the same political rights for all citizens. Apart from that, they defended the interests of the layman. They led to conclude that the government was not strong enough and more innovative measures were needed. Founders managed to keep the state functioning correctly by modifying the constitutional issues. The task was rather tough – they were obliged to keep everyone happy and look for the ways of satisfying the demands of all citizens. Founders managed to elaborate and structure the statute of the future state. They launched a powerful mechanism that proves to be effective for many years. Thanks to their contribution, the state’s economy is stable; the political system functions appropriately and proves to be well built.   Roche claims that the most prominent contribution of the Founders a successful convincing of men from all parts of the country that the changes are necessary in the process of creation of a strong and united nation. I support the position of Roche. According to his point of view, Founders contributed to the development of USA exceedingly being oriented on the interests of people. Their most significant achievements were that they have realized that to win respect and acknowledgment of people, it is necessary to satisfy their interests. Politicians have realized that the Articles of Confederation were a failure. They came to the conclusion that the USA would not develop. The ability to think globally and make right decisions made them successful and efficient rulers. Each of Founding Fathers made his contribution to the development of the state. B. Franklin propagated the idea of political self-determination of the North American colonies, for the first time called them states (states), advocated their confederation. Concerning general political questions, he promoted the natural equality of people. The emergence of inequality, property, and laws associated with the creation of society and state. B. Franklin advocated the legal equality of citizens, the democratic consolidation of their rights, equality of votes of states, powers of the Senate and the US Congress. He laid the democratic traditions of local constitutionalism and federalism. How does Jefferson support his major premise in the body of the declaration of independence? Jefferson still hoped for the peaceful rendering by England of independence of the American colonies. He added a list of abuses, which England made to the citizens. As the principal author of the preliminary version of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson proceeded from a democratic and revolutionary interpretation of the natural-law doctrine and substantiated the legality of the separation of colonies from England and the formation of an independent state. The statement of natural and civil rights, the justification of people’s position in the society and the people’s right to express one’s position made the Declaration an outstanding theoretical and political document of the era. These are the essential points of the author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States. First, for Jefferson, there are apparent truths – all people are created equal, endowed with inalienable rights: to life, freedom, desire for happiness. These ideas confirmed the unacceptability of the class privileges and feudal rights, the equality of colonists with the inhabitants of the metropolis. Secondly, to ensure human rights, according to Jefferson, people are founded by states, governments. Thus, the people’s right to revolution was substantiated. Third, the author of the Declaration consistently advocated a republican form of government for the country, based on universal suffrage, equal representation in legislative institutions, the election of executive bodies and judges, the variability of judges, jurors, sheriffs, and extensive self-governance. T. Jefferson is a supporter of a clear division of the competence of the three authorities in the republic. I was convinced that state power should promote and not restrict citizens’ freedom. Fourth, the actual basis of the new country government, according to Jefferson, is the equality of â€Å"every citizen, the level of personal and property rights and the disposal of them.† In his opinion, equality is based on the will of the people and should be consistently carried out in every paragraph of the constitution. This equality must be realized primarily in the general electoral law, the right of the people to elect officials and judges. Fifth, Jefferson claimed that the right becomes the right because it is the will of the nation. However, he saw the danger of unification of legislation for all states, its threat to self-government. Sixth, Jefferson does not leave hope that humanity will soon â€Å"learn to derive the benefit of every right and authority that it owns or can take upon itself.† The ineffectiveness of unlimited power, its abuse can lead to corruption. At a certain point, Founding Fathers have realized, that arose the need for implements changes. For that reason. They gathered to reshape the structure of state and develop a new set of constitution articles allowing regulating all political and social issues. They managed to achieve nationhood. These people managed to understand that sometimes it is necessary to take control over the situation in the country and implement changes even if citizens do not see the necessity of such radical measures. The period of the struggle for independence of the United States was marked by their victory, the creation of a state confederation. Bibliography Woll, Peter. American Government: Readings and Cases. 16th ed.

Development and Social Change Essay

DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE STRATEGIES IN KENYA IN THE 21ST CENTURY DEFINATIONS Strategy is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy is important because the resources available to achieve these goals are usually limited. Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a position of advantage over adversaries through the successive exploitation of known or emergent possibilities rather than committing to any specific fixed plan designed at the outset. Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as â€Å"a pattern in a stream of decisions† to contrast with a view of strategy as planning while Max McKeown (2011) argues that â€Å"strategy is about shaping the future† and is the human attempt to get to â€Å"desirable ends with available means†. Development means a progression from a simpler or lower to a more advanced, mature, or complex form or stage. It is also defined as the gradual advancement or growth through a series of progressive changes. Development is a process, not a leve l. It is a path to achieve certain goals. see more:factors affecting social change INTRODUCTION In the 21st century Kenyans have come up with different strategies to advocate for development and social change. These strategies are mostly based on economic issue, political issue, and social issues those which are affecting the development and growth of our country. These strategies are aiming at transforming Kenya into a newly industrialized middle income country providing a high quality life to all its citizens. For these development to be achieved thre have to be an all inclusive and participartory stakeholders and a consultive process involving Kenyan from all parts of the country. Kenyans are also willing to from suggestions by some of the leading local and international experts on the newly industrialized countries around the world have made the leap from poverty to widely spread prosperity and equity. Every strategy has been developed to address issues lying across them e.g. economic strategy aims to improve the prosperity of all Kenyans through an economic development programme covering all the regions in Kenya. Social  strategy seeks to build a just and cohesive society with social equity in clean and secure environment. Political strategy aims to realize a democratic political system founded on issue based politics that respect the rule of law and protect the rights and freedom of every individual. Kenyans in the 21st century are advocating for a consultive approach in its development involving as many ordinary Kenyans and stakeholders as possible i.e. public service, private sector, civil society, media and non government organization. The importance of consultations is to provide in-depth understanding of countries development problems and necessary strategies to achieve development. Detailed analysis is carried under the consultative approach in order to come up with the s trategies capable of resolving the social and political problems that face Kenyans today. Findings  In every category of the strategy Kenyans have come up with ways to address the problem found in that particular category. The Social Strategy  Kenya’s journey towards prosperity also involves the building of a just and cohesive society, enjoying equitable social development in a clean and secure environment. This quest is the basis of transformation of the problems found in the category of social strategy, I .e. Education and Training; Health; Water and Sanitation; the Environment; Housing and Urbanization; as well as in Gender, Youth, Sports and Culture; and also in terms of promoting equity and poverty reduction across the entire Kenyan society. It also makes special provisions for Kenyans with various disabilities and previously marginalized communities. Education and Training Under education and training Kenya will provide a globally competitive quality education, training and research for development. The overall goal for 21st century is to reduce illiteracy by increasing access to education, improving the transition rate from primary to secondary schools, and raising the quality and relevance of education. The Health Sector To improve the overall livelihoods of Kenyans, the country aims to provide an efficient and high quality health care system with the best standards. This will reduce health inequalities and improve key areas where Kenya is lagging, especially in lowering infant and maternal mortality. Specific  strategies will involve: provision of a robust health infrastructure network; improving the quality of health service delivery to the highest standards and promotion of partnerships with the private sector. Water and Sanitation Kenya is a water scarce country. The country therefore aims to conserve water sources and start new ways of harvesting and using rain and underground water. The 21st century has a vision for Water and Sanitation is to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and accessible to all. The goal to increase both access to safe water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas beyond present levels The Environment Kenya aims to be a nation living in a clean, secure and sustainable environment. Specific strategies will involve: promoting environmental conservation for better support to the economic pillar, improving pollution and waste management through the design and application of economic incentives; and the commissioning of public-private partnerships for improved efficiency in water and sanitation delivery. Housing and Urbanization The 2030 vision for housing and urbanization is an adequately and decently housed nation in sustainable all inclusive environment. The goal for 2012 is to increase the annual production of housing units from the current 35,000 annually to over 200,000. Kenya’s cities and towns are poorly planned. There is an acute need therefore for an effective capacity for regional and urban development planning. In addition, there will be better development of and access to affordable and adequate housing; enhanced access to adequate finance for developers and buyers, and pursue targeted key reforms to unlock the potential of the housing sector. 6. Gender, Youth and Vulnerable Groups The 2030 vision for gender, youth and vulnerable groups is gender equity, improved livelihoods for vulnerable groups, and a responsible, globally competitive and prosperous youth. The goal for 2012 is to increase opportunities all-round among women, youth and all disadvantaged groups. 7. Equity and Poverty Elimination The 2030 goal for Equity and poverty elimination is to reduce the number of people living in poverty to a tiny proportion of the total population. Kenya will aim at a society that guarantees equality of opportunity in accessing public services and providing income generating activities as widely as possible. That will be achieved by placing the citizens at a level of income sufficient to cater for basic requirements of a healthy, productive life. 8. Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Vision 2030 will be based on the creation of international competitiveness through more efficient productivity at the firm and household level, with government support. However, all the strategies and flagship projects will exploit knowledge in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to function more efficiently, improve social welfare, and also promote democratic governance. STI can and will be applied in all the lead sectors. The education and training curricula in the country will, therefore, be modified to ensure that the creation, adoption, adaptation and usage of knowledge become part of formal instruction. Economic strategy The Kenyan economy, East Africa’s largest, has experienced considerable growth in the past few years, driven by several key factors. The country enjoys some particular advantages: a reasonably well-educated labour force, a vital port that serves as an entry point for goods destined for countries in the East African and Central Africa interior, abundant wildlife and kilometers of attractive coastline and above all, a government that is committed to implementing business reforms. This strategy seeks to improve the prosperity of all regions of the country and all Kenyans by achieving a 10% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate by 2012(vision 2030). To achieve this target, Kenya is continuing with the tradition of macro-economic stability that has been established since 2002. It is also addressing other key constraints, notably, a low savings to GDP ratio, which can be alleviated by drawing in more remittances from Kenyans abroad, as well as increased foreign investment and overseas development assistance The country is continuing with the governance and institutional reforms  necessary to accelerate economic growth. Others critical problems being addressed include poor infrastructure and high energy costs. The five key sectors described below are being given priority as the key growth drivers for achievement of the economic vision: * Tourism * Increasing value in agriculture * A better and more inclusive wholesale and retail trade sector * Manufacturing for the regional market * Financial services Tourism This sector aims to be one of the top ten long- haul tourist destination in the world. To achieve this it has put ahead some strategies as their guideline that is offering a high end, diverse and distinctive visitor experience, achieving high tourist revenue by improving facilities in all underutilized parks, creating new high value niche product and investing in new conference facilities to boost business tourism Agriculture This aims to promote an innovative, commercially- oriented and modern agricultural sector. This will be accomplished through transforming key institution in agricultural and livestock to promote agricultural growth, increasing productivity of crop and livestock, introducing more irrigable areas in arid and semi- arid areas for both crops and livestock. It also aim sat adding value to our firm and live stock products before they reach local and international market (vision 2030) Whole sale and retail market Aims to raise earnings by giving our large informal sector opportunities to transform itself into a part of a formal sector that is efficient, multi tiered, diversified in product range and innovative. This will be raised through training and credit, improving efficiency by reducing the number of players between the producer and the consumer (vision 2030) Manufacturing It aims to have a robust, diversified and competitive manufacturing sector. This will be achieved through the implementation of the following restricting key local industries that use raw materials but are currently  uncompetitive, exploiting opportunities in value addition to agricultural product. The Political Pillar This aims to realize a democratic political system founded on issue-based politics that respects the rule of law, and protects the rights and freedoms of every individual in Kenyan society. It hopes to transform Kenya into a state in which equality is entrenched, irrespective of one’s race, ethnicity, religion, gender or socio-economic status; a nation that respects and harnesses the diversity of its peoples’ values, traditions and aspirations for the benefit of all its citizens. The political pillar vision for 2030 is â€Å"a democratic political system that is issue-based, people-centered, result-oriented and accountable to the public.† An issue-based system is one in which political differences are about means to meet the widest public interest. â€Å"People-centered† goals refer to the system’s responsiveness to the needs and rights of citizens, whose participation in all public policies and resource allocation processes is both fully appreciated and facilitated. A result-oriented system is stable, predictable and whose performance is based on measurable outcomes. An accountable system is one that is open and transparent and one that permits free flow of information. This vision is expected to guarantee Kenya’s attainment of the specific goals outlined under Vision 2030’s economic and social pillars To meet objectives outlined in the economic and social pillars, Kenya’s national governance system is being transformed and reformed to acquire high-level executive capability consistent with a rapidly industrializing country. The country is adopting a democratic decentralization process with substantial devolution in policy-making, public resource management and revenue sharing through devolve d funds. This has been achieved through a delivery of a new constitutional dispensation which came in effect in August 2010. Transformation within Kenya’s political governance system under Vision 2030 is expected to take place across six strategic initiatives, whose overarching visions, goals and specific strategies for 2012 are as follows: * Rule of law * Electoral and political processes * Democracy and public service delivery * Transparency and accountability * Security, peace building, and conflict management Rule of law Under the rule of law the vision 2030 is adherence to the rule of law is as applicable to a modern market based economy in a human right respecting state. A lighting the national policy and legal framework with the need of a market based economy, national human right and gender equality commitment. Increasing access and quality of service available to the public and reducing barriers of justice. Democracy and public service delivery People centered and political engaged open society, pursuing, constitutional and legal reforms necessary to dissolve to more resources and responsibility to local governance institution. Encouraging formal and informal civil education and action programmes, promoting open engagement between government and civil society as well as the free flow of information. Transparency and accountability Transparent, accountability, ethical and result oriented government institution strengthening the legal framework for ant- corruption, ethics and integrity. Promoting result based management within the public service, introducing civilian oversight around key legal justice and security, strengthening government legislative oversight capacity. Security Security of all persons and property throughout the republic, Promoting public- private cooperation and community involvement for improved safety and security, Deeping policy legal and institutional reforms for improved enforcement of law and order, Promoting national and international dialogue in order to build harmony among ethnic, racial and other groups. Electoral and political process Seeks to cultivate genuinely competitive and issue based politics introducing rules and regulations covering political policies, enhancing the legal and regulatory framework covering electrical process, conducting civil education programmers to widen knowledge and participation among citizens leading to an informed active citizens. Conclusion For development and social change to occur Kenyans in the 21st century Kenyans should evaluate the pre and post development and analyze the strategies they want to put across and see whether they will be of any impact or they will be able to serve them effectively. There should be an integration of all strategies for sustainable development to occur. That is they should put value both in economic, social and political strategies. Commitment is expected for both the government and civil society, international, local and personal positive relationships are also major contributors to sustainable development in the 21st century. Mission, vision, goals and objectives should be successfully laid, well defined and achievable. References Vision 2030 document The national broad strategy Vision 2030 flagship project

Gender Roles Of Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare

Gender Roles in Romance Comics Author and civil rights activist Maya Angelou once said, â€Å"How important it is for us to recognize and celebrate our heroes and she-roes!†. When one thinks of comic books, it is very likely that the subjects that come to mind are Marvel’s Spiderman or DC’s Batman. Although comic books are stereotypically thought to be mainly about super heroes, there are a wide variety of subject matter they could be written about, such as romance. In the 1950s – 1960s, it was common for these romance comics to exploit the social norms of that time and emphasized the subject of gender roles. While the men in comic books were usually illustrated in a brave heroic manner, the women would be portrayed to be what would now be considered a stereotypical â€Å"trophy wife†. As a young child reading these comics and taking in these images, they are slowly molding their ideals to believe that what they are reading and seeing is what is acc epted and normal in their society. By coding gender norms into the texts, authors are helping mold the ideology of its readers to believe that it is acceptable for both genders to follow specific rules that accommodate to the believed social norms of the time. To begin, â€Å"I Love You Too Much!† tells the story of young girl who was able to find her one true love, but was not able to keep him for long. The aspiring doctor was focused and determined to I his studies and his practice, but would put pause to all that in order to spend time withShow MoreRelated Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, there is an overlaying presence of the typical roles that men and women were supposed to play. During Elizabethan times there was a major difference between the way men and women were supposed to act. Men typically were supposed to be masculine and powerful, and defend the honor. 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Choose the Right Setting for Your Play

Before you sit down to write a play, consider this: Where does the story take place? Developing the right setting is essential to creating a successful stage play. For example, suppose you wanted to create a play about a James Bond-styled globe-trotter who travels to exotic locations and gets involved with lots of intense action sequences. It might be impossible to effectively bring all of those settings to life on the stage. Ask yourself: Is a play the best way to tell my story? If not, perhaps you may want to start working on a movie script. Single Location Settings Many plays take place in a single location. The characters are drawn to a specific place, and the action unfolds without dozens of scene changes. If the playwright can invent a plot that focuses on a limited amount of settings, half the battle of writing is already won. Sophocles of Ancient Greece has the right idea. In his play, Oedipus the King, all of the characters interact on the steps of the palace; no other set is needed.  What started in ancient Greece still works in modern theater -- bring the action to the setting.   Kitchen Sink Dramas A kitchen sink drama is typically a single location play that takes place in a familys home.  Often time, that means that the audience will see only one room in the house (such as the kitchen or dining room).  This is the case with such dramas as A Raisin in the Sun.   Multiple Location Plays Plays with a wide variety of dazzling set pieces are sometimes impossible to produce. British author Thomas Hardy wrote an enormously long play entitled The Dynasts. It begins in the farthest reaches of the universe, and then zooms down to earth, revealing various generals from the Napoleonic Wars. Due to its length and the complexity of the setting, it has yet to be performed in its entirety. Some playwrights don’t mind that. In fact, playwrights such as George Bernard Shaw and Eugene O’Neil often wrote complex works that they never expected to be performed. However, most dramatists want to see their work brought to life on stage. In that case, it is essential for playwrights to narrow down the number of settings. Of course, there are exceptions to this rule. Some plays take place on an empty stage. The actors pantomime objects. Simple props are used to convey the surroundings. Sometimes, if a script is brilliant and the actors are talented, the audience will suspend its disbelief. They will believe that the protagonist is traveling to Hawaii and then on to Cairo. So, playwrights must consider: will the play work best with actual sets? Or should the play rely upon the audience’s imagination? Relationship Between Setting and Character If you would like to read an example of how details about setting can enhance the play (and even reveal the nature of the characters), read the analysis of August Wilsons Fences.  Youll notice that each part of the setting description (the garbage cans, the unfinished fence post, the baseball hanging from a string) represents the past and present experiences of Troy Maxson, the plays protagonist. In the end, the choice of setting is up to the playwright. So where do you want to take your audience?

Accounting. Blackmores Limited - 1509 Words

Question 1 The principal operating activities of Blackmores Limited is to develop and market nature, innovative, quality branded health products including vitamins, herbal, mineral and nutritional supplement (Blackmores Annual Report 2011, page 37). Question 2 As shown in the annual report, the chairman is Mr. Marcus C Blackmore AM (Blackmores Annual Report 2011, page 35). The number of shares the chairman held in the company at the end of their 2011 financial year is 4,479,278 (Blackmores Annual Report 2011, page 36). Question 3 The financial reports in Blackmores’ 2011 annual report are as follows: †¢ Consolidated Income Statement (Blackmores Annual Report 2011, page 51). †¢ Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income†¦show more content†¦of times) (Profit before interest and taxation / Interest Expense) Ãâ€" 100 = (34,731,000 + 2,015,000) / 2,442,000 = 15.0 (Profit before interest and taxation / Interest Expense) Ãâ€" 100 = (39,322,000 + 2,211,000) / 2,372,000 = 17.5 Question 2 2a) Comparing the movement of each ratio in 2010 and 2011 for Blackmores Ltd, there is an increase in current ratio and it implies that Blackmores Ltd has higher capability in using its current assets to pay off its current liabilities in Year 2011 as compared to Year 2010. As for acid test ratio, it decreased from 1.7 in year 2010 to 1.6 in year 2011. This shows that Blackmores Ltd does not have as much liquid assets like accounts receivable and cash to pay off current liabilities in the year 2011, comparing to year 2010. Then, the gearing ratio has decreased in the Year 2011 as compared to Year 2010. This implies that there is a decrease in the contribution of long-term lenders to Blackmores Ltd and thus resulting in a lower financial risk for long-term investments. Lastly as for interest cover ratio, it has increased in Year 2011 as compared to Year 2010. This implies thatShow MoreRelatedRmit - Acct 2060 Introductory Accounting Assignment1438 Words   |  6 PagesIntroductory Accounting Assignment - Semester 1, 2012 Part A Question 1 In the course of the financial year, Blackmores’ principal operating activities focused on the development and marketing of natural health products such as vitamins, herbal and mineral nutritional supplements. They sell and have operations in the natural health and dietary market throughout Australia, New Zealand and Asia region. (Reference: Blackmores’ Annual Report 2011, Pg. 37) Question 2 Mr Marcus C. Blackmore AM is theRead MoreIntroductory Accounting Assignment2279 Words   |  10 PagesACCT 2060 Introductory Accounting Assignment - Semester 2, 2011 This assignment is designed to get you to locate the Annual Reports for a company and become familiar with the contents of an Annual Report, particularly the financial statements and the notes to the financial statements. While we have looked at very basic formats of the financial statements, the financial statements for a company contain a little more detail and information on some items you may not have been introduced to yetRead MoreThe Marketing of Blackmore3826 Words   |  16 PagesExecutive summary: This report was to investigate the company Blackmores, and different theories such as corporate communication, integrated marketing communication, corporate social responsibility, and green marketing or greenwashing. Blackmore is popular in Australia, and it is one of the top health providers for 80 years history. Blackmores’ main products are vitamins, minerals and herb supplemental medicine. This report introduces some features of corporate communication involving stakeholderRead MoreSubway Restaurants Essays21330 Words   |  86 Pagespopular data collection method where most questions are fixed alternative questions that require the respondent to select from a predetermined set of responses (Malthora et al 1996). This assists in interpreting and analysing the data as there were a limited number of responses available to the respondent. Survey methods available include person-administered surveys, computer-assisted surveys, mixed-mode surveys and self-administered surveys. Each method of obtaining data has certain strengths and

Research Methods For Strategic Managers free essay sample

There are no standard rules for the selection of a research topic but the ender listed will serve as a guide for researchers. 1 . The topic must be educational in nature. The educational nature of a topic implies that the topic must be such that is geared towards providing a solution to an educational problem. It must also satisfy one of the major objectives of educational research extension of knowledge and making a meaningful contribution in the teaching learning process. . The topic to be selected must be of interest to the researcher. A persons interest in a topic provides the motivation that will enable the researcher complete the investigation. Interest also makes for dedication and commitment in the course of the study. This is one of the reasons; the supervisor should not select a topic for students. One cannot be committed to a study that has no personal meaning to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods For Strategic Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Topic must be original: the originality of a topic first and foremost eliminates duplication. A duplicated research study amounts to waste of energy, time, material and financial resources, because solution to that problem has already been provided. An original topic adds new knowledge which contributes to educational advancement. 4. Topic must be researchable: a epic is said to be researchable if it lends itself to investigation through the collection and analysis of objective and relevant data. It employs a systematic data gathering procedure for testing its theory and arriving at the solution to the problems.Example does God answer prayers? God cures diseases. 5. Availability of time and financial resources: the topic must be such that can be completed within the time and money available to the researchers. Excuses relating to time and financial handicaps are not tolerated in research. Many research studies are abandoned due to lack of time and financial resources. . Availability of data: the topic must be one in which the researcher can easily identify his subjects and means Of collecting data from the subjects.Subjects in research may be human being, objects, events and structures such as buildings. 7. Facilities for data collecting must be available; such facilities like the libraries, computer and information centers. This is important for review of literature and analysis of data. 8. Topic must be significant: it must be capable of adding to new knowledge thereby providing solution to some knotty educational and social problems. Its findings must infinite some individuals. A critical consideration of most of the above principles will make topic selection as easy task for researchers.The study was conducted at a large life insurance organization in the London, but was contained to the Operations business unit, which is the office support to the largely sales driven teams that sell life insurance products or solutions. The Operations unit is the largest business unit, but also one of the units that do not have incentive reward programmer. The outputs of this unit are significantly important to the organization as its key functions are processing f new policies and claims, which often have to be performed under high levels of pressure and against deadlines.The organization has as one of its strategic drivers, a high performance culture as a business priority and strategic intent. Creating a high performance culture requires a number of elements to be present, one of which is high levels of job performance that is underpinned by a highly motivated workforce. The organization is thus under constant pressure to revise its benefit offering to staff, which includes a reward and recognition programmed that staff buy-in too, is satisfied with ND which is linked with the organization s strategy.AIMS OF THE RESEARCH An organization can use recognition as a strategic measure to show employees that their cont ribution to the organization is recognized, and in so doing, influence their motivation and job performance. Based on the findings of the research, the organization could improve and encourage the use of effective recognition in the feedback process of the performance management system. The findings of this research study could also influence the company to consider a more structured approach to recognition that would enable the high performance culture it strives to attain.The aim of this research is to investigate the role that reward and recognition plays in motivating employees. The study Will explore which of these factors, reward or recognition, has a greater impact on employee motivation and satisfaction. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are: 1) To determine if there is a relationship between rewards and recognition and employee motivation and satisfaction. 2) To determine the impact of rewards on motivation and satisfaction. 3) To determine the impact of recognition on motivation. 4) To determine which factors contribute to work motivation and satisfaction. To determine the impact of biographical variables on work motivation and satisfaction. HYPOTHESES (i) There is no statistically significant relationship between work content, payment, promotion, recognition, working conditions, benefits, personal, leadership/supervision, general and work motivation and satisfaction in the Operation business unit of an insurance organization. (ii) The nine independent variables (work content, payment, promotion, recognition, working conditions, benefits, personal, leadership/supervision and general) will not significantly explain the variance in work motivation and satisfaction. Ii) There are no statistically significant differences in rewards and recognition based on the biographical variables (gender, home language, marital status, age, race, job classification, educational, qualifications, job grade and tenure). LITERATURE REVIEW The focus of this chapter is to provide insights to the theories that have shaped the understanding of motivation, by f ocusing on the content theories of motivation. The chapter proceeds with an in-depth presentation of a total rewards management programmer and the support that a performance management process can provide to such a programmer.Given the focus of his research study, it is important to have a sound understanding of the meaning of rewards and recognition, as they are often used interchangeably, but the literature indicates that there are unique, tangible differences between these concepts. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Todays reality is that people influence important aspects of organizational performance in a multitude of ways. People conceive and implement the organizational strategy, while the mix of people and systems mostly determines an organizations capabilities.Competencies are required to execute the strategy, and these competencies are primarily a function of the kills and knowledge of an organizations human capital. Therefore, if an organization is to treat its employees as its most important asset, it has to be knowledgeable about what it is that motivates people to reach their full potential (Lawyer, 2003). Harris (1996) maintains that the workplace rules have changed. The workplace realities of yesterday no longer exist and what was once a dream of a lifetime job guaranteed in exchange for lifetime company loyalty has died. As the workplace rules have changed, so too must the way organizations meet the new motivational needs of todays employee. This changing work environment is well summarized by Beer et al. (1984), in which they support the fact those organ actions today have significantly changed. In order for an organization to meet its obligations to shareholders, employees and society, its top management must develop a relationship between the organization and employees that will fulfill the continually changing needs of both parties.At a minimum, the organization expects employees to perform reliably the tasks assigned to them and at the standards set for them, and to follow the rules that have been established to govern the workplace. Management often expects more: that employees take initiative, supervise themselves, continue to learn new skills, and be responsive to business needs. Ata minimum, employees expect the organization to provide fair pay, safe working conditions, and fair treatment. Eke management, employees often expect more, depending on the strength of their needs for security, status, involvement, challenge, power, and responsibility.Just how ambitious the expectations of each party are vary from organization to organization. For organizations to address these expectations an understanding of employee motivation is required (Beer et 984). Carnegie (1975) emphasizes the human aspects of management. They postulate that as it is people who make a business succeed or fail it is the organizations chief responsibility to motivate their people so that they will assure success. The authors believe that each human being has the potential for creativity and for achieving goals.The infinite question is how organizations reach this potential and how they stimulate creativity and foster in their people the desire to succeed and to achieve self-fulfillment through their work. The common theme of the above authors is the belief that people deed to be respected and treated as precious human capital, more essential to an organizations effectiveness than its financial capital. People are now seen as the primary source of a companys competitive advantage. Therefore, the way people are treated increasingly determines whether an organization will prosper or even survive (Lawyer, 2003).Organizations are under constant pressure to enhance and improve their performance and are realizing that an interdependent relationship exists between organizational performance and employee performance. In the following section the focus will be on the devotional theories and the impact that these theories have on enhancing employee performance. MOTIVATION AND JOB PERFORMANCE Motivation is defined as a set of processes concerned with the force that energies behavior and directs it towards attaining some goal (Baron, 1983). Grittier and Kinetic (1992, p. 62) postulate that motivation represents, those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed. If it is the role of managers to successfully guide employees toward accomplishing organizational objectives, it is imperative that they understand these psychological processes. Motivation is further described as being intentional and directional. The word intentional refers to personal choice and persistence of action, whilst directional denotes the presence of a driving force aimed at attaining a specific goal.In other words, a motivated person is always aware of the fact that a specific goal must be achieved, and would direct their effort at attaining that goal (Nell et al. , 2001). Mol (1992) on the other hand distinguishes between the terms movement and motivation. When a person carries out a task just for the sake of being remunerated, the person is moved rather than motivated. It is only when individuals carry out a task because they are enjoying it or are totally involved in it that they are motivated.According to La Motto (1 995), motivation is simply the reason individuals have for doing the things they do. In day-to-day society many different things motivate people, and that which motivates one person may not necessarily motivate another. Things such as a love for life, a desire to succeed, fear of failure, the need for self-fulfillment or self-esteem, are all factors that influence motivation. In conjunction with this, employee motivation is a process that an organization can foster and nurture so that it an occur spontaneously.If organizations believe that people are naturally motivated, they must simply provide the environment and atmosphere that fosters and supports their motivation (Baron, 1983). La Motto (1995) posits the view that, the common wisdom is that managers have to learn to motivate people. He believes that employees bring their own motivation, and what they need from work is to be liberated, to be involved, to be accountable and to reach their full potential. Harris (1996) advances the notion of horsepower, which he defines as employees engaged passion for excellence.In accordance with this, organizations that capture the hearts of their employees seldom have to be concerned about motivation, as engaged hearts motivate themselves. People who are engaged and self-motivated do not have to be managed, as they are motivated by doing a job they believe in, in a constructive direction. According to Lawyer (1973) as cited in Barbing, Vulgar and Blue (1987), a theory of work motivation must account for the control and prediction of behavior.It must account for the phenomenon of voluntary behavior being initiated, that is, it should identify the energies of voluntary work behavior. A theory of work motivation must explain how human behavior is directed or channeled. It is evident that a good reward and recognition system can contribute to peoples satisfaction and their willingness and desire to learn and improve their skills and can lead to greater retention. The types of rewards and recognition that people receive are a major contributing factor to their level of satisfaction.The more highly rewarded and recognized people are, the more satisfied they tend to be with their job and with their life. This implies that satisfied employees are less likely to quit, change jobs, join unions, or be absent. In summary, organizations are better off when they provide people with a reward level that leads them to feel at least moderately satisfied (Lawyer, 2003). Consistent in the literature is that, albeit a well-researched area, many organizations are still not leveraging off the value that a well-structured total reward programmer could add. It would appear that many organizations continue to make the mistake to have programmer that focuses primarily on reward, rather than a healthy balance of reward and recognition. The Proposal in Qualitative Research The purpose of qualitative or naturalistic research varies according to the search paradigm, methods, and assumptions. Generally speaking, qualitative researchers attempt to describe and interpret some human phenomenon, often in the words of selected individuals (the informants).These researchers try to be clear about their biases, presuppositions, and interpretations so that others (the stakeholders) can decide what they think about it all. Unlike conventional, positivist research, there is no single accepted outline for a qualitative research proposal or report (Morse, 1 991 The generic outline that follows is suggested as a point of departure for alliterative research proposals, and it applies specifically to the research paradigm and methods that seem most applicable to the study of families and family therapy (e. G. Post-positivist, phenomenological clinical observation and long interviews). The outline is intended to serve as a point of departure for researchers, who must decide how to organize their proposals (a) to best communicate their ideas to their intended audiences and (b) to satisfy the demands of the context. I. Introduction A. Begin with something interesting, e. G. , a quote or story, to capture the readers interest. B. Introduce you question or curiosity. What is it that you want to know or understand? How did you get interested in the topic? If your question has evolved since you have begun, describe the process.C. Tell why theres a need for the study. Cite relevant literature that calls for the need for the research in this area, or demonstrates the lack Of attention to the topic. In your own words, describe how you think this study will be useful. D. Describe the intended audience for your research (e. G. , the public, family therapists). E. Describe your research product. What form will the report take (e. G. , scholarly manuscript, magazine article for the public, script for a documentary video)? F. Conclude the introduction with an overview of your proposal. II.Research Paradigm This section should be included in your proposal when you expect to have readers who are not familiar with the naturalistic research paradigm. It may not be necessary in contexts where qualitative research is an accepted form of inquiry. A. Use specific language to name and describe your research paradigm (e. G. , naturalistic, post-positivist). The term paradigm is used here to represent the epistemological, conceptual foundation for qualitative research. See Cuba (1990). B. Describe the philosophical correlates of your research paradigm (e. G. , phenomenology, hermeneutics).C. Cite authors who have defined your research paradigm in the social sciences and suggested its application to your field of study and/or your specific topic of study. See Moon, Dillon, and Sprinkle (1990). D. Explain the assumptions of your research paradigm. 1. Broadly speaking, describe what you intend to accomplish through this research (e. G. , expanding a knowledge base, generating hypotheses for quantitative research, developing a grounded theory, emancipating informants, establishing the trustworthiness of a theory). See Atkinson and Heath (AAA, Bibb); Lincoln and Cuba (1985). . Explain the assumptions about the nature of knowledge and reality that underlie your research paradigm. Discuss how a formal literature review will be used. 3. Describe the major tasks of the researcher in this paradigm of research. Comment on how the tasks differ in conventional social science research. 4. Explain the type of relationship that the researcher has with the informants (e. G. , unobtrusive observer, participant observer, collaborator, emancipation). E. Suggest the appropriate criteria for evaluating the research findings, research recess, and the research report.The criteria should be consistent with your research paradigm and well documented. See Atkinson, Heath, and Channel (1991). Ill. Research Method A. Identify and generally describe your research method (e. G. , ethnographic field study, single case study), and your research procedures (e. G. , long interviews, observation). B. Cite the major authors who have described your research method. See Lincoln and Cuba (1985); Glares and Strauss (1967), etc. C. Describe what you intend to do in detail, as you begin your study. 1 Explain how you will select informants and gain entry into the research intent (if relevant). . Describe the procedures you will take to protect the rights of your informants (e. G. , informed consent, human subjects approval, debriefing). 3. Describe the kind of relationship you intend to have with the informants. Will you be neutral, collaborative, objective? 4. Describe the kind of data you will collect (e. G. , field notes from memory, audio tapes, video tapes, transcripts of conversations, examination of existing documents, etc. ). 5. Describe your intended data collection procedures. Elf interviews are to be used, list your question(s) or attach as an appendix. Describe any equipment o be used. . Describe the procedures you will use to keep track of the research process. This will become part of your audit trail. A. Process notes: Day to day activities, methodological notes, decision making procedures. B. Materials relating to intentions and reactions: personal notes about motivations, experiences with informants, etc. C. Instrument development information: revisions of interview questions, etc. 7. Describe your intended data analysis procedures (coding, sorting, etc. )? A. Data reduction: Write-ups of field notes, transcription procedures and conventions, computer programs used, etc. Data reconstruction: development of categories, findings, conclusions, connections to existing literature, integration of concepts. 8. Describe how the research design may evolve as the process unfolds. 9. Describe how you will organize, format and present your data, interpretations, and conclusions. D. Describe how you will consider and protect reliability and validity. Will you use systematic methods and procedures, triangulation, member checking, peer debriefing, auditing? IV- Preliminary Biases, Suppositions and Hypotheses A.Summarize and reference all of the relevant literature that you have viewed to date. B. Describe how your review of the literature has influenced the way you are approaching the research. C. Discuss how your previous experience with your topic has influenced the way you have conceptualized this research. Summarize relevant personal an professional experiences, if you have not done so in the Introduction. D. Disclose the anticipated findings, your hypotheses and your hunches. E. Describe the procedures you will use to remain open to unexpected information (e. G. Peer debriefing). F. Discuss the limitations of your study in the context of the limitations Of all similar studies. Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods There are 2 broad categories of data collection methods: quantitative and qualitative. The difference in the 2 categories lies in the approach and the types of questions they seek to answer. There is the erroneous perception that quantitative methods are more objective and that qualitative methods are more subjective. Todays researchers recognize that both methods have subjective and objective qualities.Quantitative Methods Quantitative research uses methods adopted from the physical sciences that are designed to ensure objectivity, reliability and the ability to generalist. They seek to exert maximum control over the questions and potential answers and most often incorporate probability sampling methods to allow for statistical inference to the larger study population. The researcher is considered external to the actual research, and results are expected to be replicable no matter who conducts the research. Quantitative methods help to answer questions such as who, how much, and how many.Where probability sampling is used, statistical analysis will provide precise estimates for study variables, such as frequencies, averages, ranges, means, and percentages, at a known and quantifiable degree of confidence. The intent is to gather data to test a pre-determined hypothesis and only answers to those questions/variables included in the questionnaire are collected. Questions are not open-ended and respondents are expected to provide short answers. This eases analysis, but limits the degree to which respondents participate and are able to provide explanations that they perceive (causes, rationale).Rather, explanations are sought by comparing associations and potentially causal relationships between variables (e. G. Diarrhea prevalence is lower among children whose primary drinking water resource is a borehole; the lower prevalence, therefore, is explained by the source Of water). Strengths Precise estimates, backed by statistical theory, are often invaluable for decision-making and advocacy because they are robust and objectively verifiable if the data is collected and analyses correctly.Weaknesses The greatest weakness of the quantitative approach is that it can take human behavior out of context in a way that removes the event from its real world setting. Factors or variables left out of the data collection instrument are simply not considered in analysis. Qualitative Methods Qualitative research methods are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in their culture or situation and through direct interaction with them. These methods help to answer questions such as how and why.The focus is on presenting perceptions, judgments, and opinion ions and on explaining meanings, processes and reasons. Qualitative interviews differ from traditional structured interviews, in which formal questionnaires are used, by not being limited to a set of predetermined questions to be asked in sequence. Instead, the interviewer sees a checklist of topics to guide the interview, pursuing avenues that open along the way. When applying qualitative methods, the researcher becomes the instrument of data collection and results may vary greatly depending upon the researcher. Hypotheses and additional follow-up questions are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurement tends to be subjective. Therefore, by their very nature, the methods are Often not objectively verifiable. The strengths of using qualitative methods are that they generate rich, detailed data that leave the participants perspectives intact and provide a context for their behavior. Respondents provide their own explanations in a participatory exchange with interviewers. Weaknesses The weaknesses of using qualitative methods are that data collection and analysis may be labor intensive and time-consuming.As a result the number of respondents to which the method is applied is usually far fewer than for quantitative methods. Another disadvantage is that qualitative methods are often not objectively verifiable. When to use Quantitative or Qualitative Methods It is often appropriate to employ both quantitative and qualitative methods as they complement each others strengths and weaknesses. Qualitative methods might be used to explore issues during the early stages of a longer study, enabling the researchers to understand better what closed-ended and focused questions need to be asked as part of a quantitative study.Conversely, quantitative methods might highlight particular issues, which could then be studied in more depth through the use Of qualitative methods and open-ended discussions. Also remember that quantitative data can result from qualitative methods and qualitative data can result from quantitative methods, such that the distinction between the 2 is often blurred. It is critical o note that the indicator does not necessarily pre-determine the data collection method. More often than not available resources and staff expertise will drive the decision to choose one data collection m ethod over another.

PH Lab Experiment Essays - Equilibrium Chemistry, Titration, PH

pH Lab Experiment By Jeff Price Biology 101- 011 Dr. Art Ellis 1 May 1997 Trident Technical College Charleston, South Carolina 29423 pH Lab Experiment Abstract: Upon hypothesizing that stomach medicines are useful in neutralizing the acidic affects of beverages when used properly an experiment was designed to test this theory. The experiment incorporated the use of white grape juice to be the acid, Maalox as the antacid, and red cabbage juice as the pH indicator. A control group was also formulated by substituting distilled water for the antacids. After mixing the solutions in separate test tubes, any changes were recorded. These changes were the indicators for the pH level of the mixture. The tube containing white grape juice changed to a pink color (pH value 3). The tube containing Maalox changed to a greenish blue (pH value of 8). There was no change in the control group. Then when white grape juice and Maalox were tested, a blue color resulted (pH value of 7, neutral). Therefore, the experiment shows that antacids can be effective neutralizers with proper use and understanding of how they work. Introduction: ?pH is the measurement of positive hydrogen ions (H+) in solution. A substance that has a high concentration of H+ is acidic. A substance that has a low concentration of H+ is basic (alkaline)? (Dickey, 1995). The measurements of pH are obtained through paper tests, machine measurements, or the use of other indicators. Most of these other indicators rely on a change in a mixtures color in order to determine the pH level of the substance. These colors have been coordinated with pH values. The pH values begin at 0 and run to 14. A pH value of 0-6 indicates an acidic solution. A pH value of 7 indicates a neutral substance and a pH value of 8-14 represents a base (Starr and Taggart, 1995). ?The ability to measure pH has become important in the manufacture of foods, paper, and chemicals? (Altwicker and Micheal, 1985). In the following experiment, a pH comparison is made between beverages and stomach medicines. ?Some studies suggest that antacids may be of no benefit or may actually be har mful to the user? (Graf, 1985). One hypothesizes is that stomach medicines are useful in neutralizing the acidic affects of beverages when used properly. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted using eight clean test tubes, parafilm, red cabbage juice, white grape juice, 7UP, Club Soda, Seltzer Water, Milk of Magnesia, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Maalox With a 5mL delivery pipet and a green pi-pump, 3mL of either a beverage or medicine was added to the test tubes. In the eighth test tube, 3 milliliters of white grape juice and Maalox were combined. The tubes were labeled accordingly and then placed in a holding rack. Using a clean 5mL pipet with pi-pump, 3mL of red cabbage juice was added to each of the eight solutions. Parafilm was used to cover the test tubes and then the mixture were lightly shaken. Results: The reaction (color) of each test tube solution of either beverage or stomach medicine was compared to the color spectrum. The pH values of each solution was then recorded. The following chart shows the pH value of each solution. BeveragepHMedicinepH White grape Juice3Milk of Magnesia12 7UP4Sodium Bicarbonate10 Club Soda6Maalox8 Seltzer Water5 CombinationSolution White grape juice/Maalox 7 The beverages used in this experiment fully represent the acidic end of the pH scale (6-0). Stomach medicines in this case, represent the base side of the scale (8-14). On the pH scale, 7 is neutral and thus white grape juice mixed with Maalox resulted in a pH of 7. Discussion and Conclusion: In this pH experiment, it is shown that antacids such as Maalox can be used effectively in neutralizing acidic stomach acid when used properly. There are variations in acidity in each and every beverage as shown in the chart. The closer a pH value of a beverage is to 7 (neutral), the less likely that someone will have and acidic stomach. Therefore, the less acidic the stomach condition, the less likely someone will need to use an antacid. There is justification to be concerned about harmful effects of misuse. Excessive amounts of antacids will cause the pH balance in the stomach to become basic in nature. If this is allowed to continue, too basic is just as